United Kingdom introduction to eighteenth-century literature _ flower Moon House

(A) United Kingdom enlightenment baked? huan m? 4 identification of U properties Enlightenment is the era of progressive thought. Enlightenment is the bourgeois-democratic in the United Kingdom social strata of thinkers. Lenin describes the characteristics of the enlightenment who had pointed out: they "serfdom and serfdom of the economic, political and legal departments all the consequences arising with strong hatred". This is the first character of the enlightenment. The second characteristic is its warm to defend the freedom of education, autonomous phase. "Finally, the enlightenment to the third characteristic is to defend the people, mainly farmers (because the Turgot, they have not yet completely liberation or just in the process of Liberation), sincere believing the abolition of serfdom and serfdom of the residual will bring widespread prosperity and sincere desire to promote this kind of prosperity". Xu? new chao mang ling Fluorene Cuo Lenin b, on the one hand that enlightenment is a bourgeois movement, but also pointed out that should not be concluded that the enlightenment who just defend the narrow interests of the bourgeoisie class: "should not forget the enlightenment of the 18th century (they are recognized as bourgeois Wizard) and 40 to 60 's (of 19th-century Russia. -The translator) of persons engaged in the writings of the enlightenment era, everything comes down to the County to serfdom and serfdom of the residual question of the struggle. New social relations and their contradictions at that time still in the embryonic stage. Therefore, the bourgeois thinkers in that time has not shown any selfish attitudes. On the contrary, both in the West or Russia, they are all very sincerely believe there will be a universal prosperity and hope it will come), they did not see (to some extent also can't see) development from serfdom comes out of the new system. "Q b Daman + capabilities? P1?? Qin cong United Kingdom enlightenment and other States of enlightenment are different, they are not in the bourgeois revolution in the past, but this revolution has been completed in the country. Therefore, the United Kingdom the enlightenment's revolutionary goals and France in the 18th century enlightenment to their people's revolutionary goals not second-like. In the United Kingdom, basic issues of social development is not an implementation of revolution (because the United Kingdom has leather fortunes), but the revolution to the end. The front has pointed out that, since the two bourgeois revolution, established in the United Kingdom to the original ruling class (nobles), the ruling elite and the new ruling class (bourgeois) compromise between the upper deck of the molecular basis of social and political system. Eat this compromise policy of deficit in the first of the masses. Zhen ux brief qiu I? �C kuan had you? United Kingdom of enlightenment as its social tendencies, is not entirely consistent. Part of the enlightenment who support the existing system of base, they considered that some partial reform is enough. United Kingdom the enlightenment who moderates in the literature with regard to the Pope, Defoe, love di hygiene;, ladder, Richard Thompson, who as their representative. Enlightenment is also more radical faction to national management thoroughly democratization and struggle to defend the exploitative labour masses, farmers and craftsmen. United Kingdom enlightenment ' radical Liberals best representatives are swift, fielding, Columbia Falls and Xie Li Dan. S ��? xin d + J Y 1 -crunching the enlightenment to the origin of the title, because they found enlightenment education as a fundamental method of changing society. Enlightenment to the cult of reason. They do not recognize the authority of any of the outside world. Religion on the natural, social, Government, �� everything from their merciless criticism, everything is handed to rational Court, if they cannot prove that rational, will be adjudicated by the fate of eradication. Rational became a standard to measure everything. According to Hegel's account, it is "the world is built in the period of" mind, i.e. the brain and it is conceived by the theory principles require all humanity to act as a movement and the only basis of social relations, and the principle of conflicting reality actually been completely reversed. All of the old society and national forms, all traditional concepts are regarded as non-rational, deemed obsolete waste and be abandoned. The enlightenment who concluded that until this point, the world is ruled by certain prejudices, it's all in the past only to be regretted that contempt. Now the sun rises in the tenth time, the rule of reason, all superstition that injustice, privileges and oppression from then give way to the eternal truth, the eternal gift of Justice, equality and human rights inalienable. Meng �R ping? Fu Lin Leng?} this phase for rational concept of justice must, in essence, it has been established for the performance of the new capitalist system principles in the form of an idea. "We now know this is nothing more than a rational domination of bourgeois rule of idealistic. "But the enlightenment who sincerely believe that their activities will bring prosperity to all humanity, not just to the bourgeoisie. Mi? h8 + X s h b ke bite? United Kingdom enlightenment philosophers and writers, in their works in a series they think for resolving social conflicts with the fundamental significance of the problem. Enlightenment is the starting point is to identify these problems should be made by the people themselves, not by God. Although there are many among them who does not turn away from traditional religious, but the whole of the said characteristics of enlightenment thought is sought outside the scope of the teachings of the Church to seek ways of solving social problems. Deism in Marx's view, this is the "blushing materialism" �� and the materialistic philosophy in the eighteenth century were widely disseminated. Historicism for enlightenment or strange. They put the entire history of mankind is divided into one of the two forms of life. They think the original in nature's embrace of life is the original form or the "natural state". At the same time they made the opposite phase real history as it was initially assumed that spread to live alone,It is absolutely free. When people start to aggregate large collective forms of life, they create a "civilized" �� is a monarchy and Republic both as a basic form of political institutions. People to live together, to make laws to determine their rights. As a result of the development of civilization, man from the original state of life, culture, science and art of prosperity. But with the civilized development, primitive man is in the "natural state" when no disadvantages s with civilization, most people have lost freedom.? o yu R9? R-lin from e (? The "natural state" and "civilization", essentially solved the problems concerning the freedom of a form. Enlightenment in the 18th-century social life at different stages in a different way to solve this problem. Initially they believe in the existing range of civilization building virtues and the creation of a free living conditions is possible. However, the more profound social contradictions, which is more than possible. So to return to the "natural state" as a Renaissance man and the only way to achieve freedom of thought. The "natural state" worship and ancient patriarchal structures of idealized are interrelated. B c yin mei? G? Y < � fax:% O The enlightenment who think that their ideas are the most important means of transforming society. They put all literature as education, social class and the most powerful weapons, all of the features of the enlightenment literature �� its frank tendency and lessons learned �� resulting.??! ? In the first half of the 18th century, the United Kingdom social stability, literature on advocating new classicism, his representative who is a poet Alexander Pope. He used a hero even extremely mature, sentence of good at writing satire, but mostly to vent personal grievances. Demonstrate the spirit of the enlightenment was mainly prose writers, they promote the development of artistic prose, but also two new literary essays, journals, and the realistic novel. Milk m02 Chou (? [?R��? Periodical literature should be at the request of the majority of readers. Stieltjes and Addison duo has pioneered. The former founder of the chat who "newspaper (1709-1711), the latter step out of the spectator (1711-1712), will be the case and the Club's humorous writing a journal. Addison's writing is particularly elegant. Later, Jonathan Swift, Defoe, fielding, Johnson, Gerald Smith, editor of the journal have masters or for periodicals, visible this wind. Thanks to their efforts, British essay has been further improved and broader themes, style and more flexible. I [ �� KR Xin handful of kun ds {? More United Kingdom features and have a significant impact on the European continent is prose fiction. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), the Moore �� Flanders "(1722), book the sailors and the maid as heroes to introduce, wrote a very realistic detail, although the structure of the book, the authors have loose persuasive storytelling skills, so that readers keep interest. His text colloquial, good sound sketch-sketch, and quick and powerful. These features, plus Defoe on United Kingdom people and rural called color of deep understanding, he laid the foundation of United Kingdom realism. Swift's "travels, Buddha (1726) is a satirical court politics, performance for the purpose of human evil, but as an allegory of a story that is also very amusing in nature. He details the reality on the very strange fantasy scenarios, and fantasy is being developed in the United Kingdom's novels. Century, Richard Thompson used epistolary novel detail description fortunate girls heart to the Clarisa (1747-1748), voluminous novel moved an entire generation of readers of the United Kingdom and Western Europe, France enlightenment thinkers Diderot called great creativity. But in the eyes of fielding, Charles Thompson is only representative of the philistine philosophy then he got up and went to imitated as, as a result of the ironic has mastered the art of writing fiction, so have his own creation, one of the most admirable is the abandoned Strom �� Jones story "(1749), its character, landscape, scenes are a typical English breakfast. Author of in praise of sincere, enthusiastic, loyal and is not subject to the traditional constraints of young men and women, the book has a bright, fresh air, and structural integrity, the realistic novel to advance to a new level. At that time and later also Simo Wright, Gerald Smith, Stern, novel, or expand the theme, or experimental new wording, has achieved, while the century appeared mysterious terrorist "rendered in Gothic novels", but realism has become mainstream in the United Kingdom's novel, continue to move forward. �� 4 operation A? Rong xi e di?? Brilliant prose is also seen in other literature varieties. Johnson's biography of the poet (1779-1781) is an excellent biography and literary theory, Mr. Carswell's Johnson biography "(1791) has opened up a new realm of biography, Burke 's" on the tax law in the Americas (1774) shows the political speech of power, the "Roman Empire" (1776-1788) more to their profound enlightenment ideas and code, writing a history of the trans-European-Chin up. Crest? a mo dou? F persisting ji-chang ����However, although the trend of prose, poetry is not silent, not only a century of Alexander Pope and Thomson in authoring, is some famous prose, such as swift, Johnson and brother Gerald Smith, was also good at writing poetry. Wait until the second half of the century, sentimentalism, poetry or complex vibration, a younger's "night thoughts (1742-1745) and Gray's Elegy of the cemetery (1750) and other works that reflect the United Kingdom many people in the industrial revolution was intensified in the pain and loss. Percy series the old English poetry series (1765) by the ancient folk songs of love, so to imitated author, forged by the formation of a strong appeal to the middle ages. When the economy is very developed from the Scot came the peasant poet Burns's voice, he is both the old folk song Collator and creators of new poetry, the contents of the chant is love and freedom, equality and fraternity of new ideas. The latter is the crystallization of France enlightenment thought, at the end of the 1980s led France revolution. On the revolution towards or refused, sympathy or opposition United Kingdom prose writers had serious split occurred, but most of the poet was in the beginning of the revolution "Dawn" moment for mankind's future is full of hope. In this atmosphere produces a romantic poetry.